GlycopyrrolateStudy of Glycopyrrolate for Moderate-to-severe Sialorrhea in Parkinson's Disease

Inclusion Criteria:

• PD as defined by United Kingdom PD Society Brain Bank criteria
• Moderate-to-severe sialorrhea defined by a score in the item 2.2 of the MDS-UPDRS greater than 2

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Other idiopathic parkinsonian syndromes, e.g., Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Cortico-basal syndrome, or Multiple System Atrophy
2. Secondary parkinsonian syndromes (drug-induced, traumatic, encephalitic or vascular)
3. Change in antiparkinsonian medication one month prior to enrolment
4. Prior use of glycopyrrolate with or without known hypersensitivity will be considered an exclusion criterion, as it increases the risk of unblinding due to prior knowledge of potential side effects or therapeutic benefit
5. Change in the dose one month prior to enrolment of other anticholinergic agents or other drugs potentially affecting saliva production, such as tricyclic antidepressants, MAO-A inhibitors, neuroleptics (including clozapine and quetiapine more frequently used in PD) or hypnotics. These medication will remain in a constant dose throughout the trial;
6. Concomitant use of solid oral dosage forms of potassium chloride;
7. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and premenopausal females or males not using adequate contraception; medically acceptable birth control methods for this study include: (1) Abstinence (no sexual intercourse); (2) Intrauterine device (IUD); (3) Diaphragm with spermicide; (4) Condom with spermicide; and (5) Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) + condom/diaphragm with spermicide.
8. Moderate-to-severe constipation in spite of optimal treatment (MDS-UPDRS, item 1.11>2);
9. Conditions that preclude anticholinergic therapy, e.g., documented history or symptoms suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, prostatic hypertrophy or obstructive urinary symptoms;
10. Conditions that can be exacerbated by anticholinergic effects of glycopyrrolate, e.g., documented history or symptoms suggestive of congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, gastro-esophageal reflux disease or hyperthyroidism;
11. Uncontrolled arterial hypertension (TAS>140 mmHg or TAD>90 mmHg, using an electronic sphygmomanometer and standardized procedure16);
12. Tachyarrhythmia (interval RR <0.6 sec.);
13. TSH<0.4 mIU/L;
14. Liver dysfunction (AST, ALT, ALP >2xUpper Normal Limit);
15. Renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <50 mL/min), as glycopyrrolate has predominant renal clearance;
16. Inability or unwillingness of subject or legal guardian/representative to give written informed consent;
17. Clinical significant lactose intolerance or known hypersensitivity to any of the study medication excipients
18. Participation in another investigational study at the time of recruitment or during the prior month.