Inclusion Criteria:
- Subjects must meet ALL of the following inclusion criteria in order to be eligible for this study:
1. Aged 18 years and older on the day of consent;
2. T2D diagnosis according to Canadian diabetes guidelines\[24\] and treated with medication for this diagnosis;
3. Suboptimal glycemic control, as evidenced by HbA1c >7%;
4. Body Mass Index (BMI); greater than or equal to 25 and less than 40 kg/m2
5. Subjects willing to maintain a stable diet and physical activity level throughout the study;
6. Ability and willingness to give written informed consent and to comply with the requirements of the study.
7. The subject is able to read and write English or French.
Exclusion Criteria:
- A patient who meets any of the following criteria will NOT be eligible to the study:
1. Subjects unlikely to cooperate in the study;
2. Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity;
3. Women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant during the study or breast-feeding. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative urine pregnancy test at screening. Women are considered not of childbearing potential if they:
1. Have had a hysterectomy or tubal ligation prior to Visit 1.
2. Are postmenopausal defined as no menses for 12 months or a Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) level in the menopausal range.
Women of childbearing potential must agree to use an effective method of birth control throughout the study. Acceptable means of birth control include: implantable contraceptives, injectable contraceptives, oral contraceptives, transdermal contraceptives, intrauterine devices, diaphragm with spermicide, male or female condoms with spermicide or cervical cap, abstinence, or a sterile sexual partner.
4. Participation in a drug or device trial within the previous 30 days (or within 5 half-lives of the investigational drug, or within the time legally required by local regulatory authorities, whichever is the longest) or participation in such trial considered, or patient already enrolled in the study. Participation to observation registries is allowed;
5. Type 1 diabetes;
6. Gestational diabetes;
7. Diabetes secondary to:
- Genetic defects of beta (β) cell function (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young) or insulin action;
- Diseases of the exocrine pancreas (pancreatitis, neoplasia, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis);
- Endocrinopathies (Acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, glucagonoma, pheochromocytome, hyperthyroidism);
- Drugs (glucocorticoids, clozapine),
- Infections (Congenital rubella, Cytomegalovirus, coxsackie);
- Genetic syndromes associated with diabetes (Down's syndrome, Klinefleter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome);
8. Subjects whose medication for glycemic control has been changed in the past 3 months or whose medication is likely to be changed during the conduct of the study;
9. Chronic gastro-intestinal illness (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, colon cancer);
10. Prior abdominal surgery that, in the investigator's opinion, may confound study outcomes;
11. Current treatment with nasogastric tube, ostomy, or parenteral nutrition;
12. Immunodeficiency;
13. Morbid obesity, as evidenced by Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 40;
14. Eating disorder;
15. Uncontrolled mental illness that could interfere with the conduct of the study;
16. Known pancreatic disease, other than diabetes mellitus;
17. Known severe renal disease (creatinine ≥200 micromoles per liter);
18. Known moderate or severe liver disease (enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) > 3 times upper normal limit);
19. Significant anemia defined as blood hemoglobin lower than 110 grams per liter (in males) or lower than 100 grams per liter (in females);
20. History of alcohol, medication or drug abuse;
21. History of smoking in the past 12 months;
22. Daily consumption of prebiotics and/or probiotics;
23. Daily consumption of fermented milk (more than 1 litre a day);
24. Known allergies to any substance in the study product or placebo;
25. Any serious disease likely to interfere with the conduct of the study or compromise subject safety;
26. Life expectancy shorter than 6 months;
27. Subjects requiring treatments which will not be tolerated in this study (refer to Appendix 2);
28. Lactose intolerance or allergy to cow's milk protein;
29. Any condition or therapy that the investigator believes might pose a risk to the patient or make participation in the study not in the patient's best interest; Chronic and regular usage of anti-inflammatory drugs and recent use (in the last three months) of oral antibiotics will not be tolerated in the context of this study because of their well-recognized modifying effect of the intestinal flora;
30. Known heart failure and/or left ventricular ejection fraction less than 30%;
31. Insulin therapy;
32. Taking a natural health product that may affect blood glucose levels such as chromium, cinnamon bark, or bitter melon product.