Inclusion Criteria:
1. Patient is >18 years old, agrees to participate in the clinical study and to complete all required visits and evaluations. The pediatric population has a different disease profile from the glioma patients we hope to recruit. To reduce heterogeneity in the patient population we will not consider patients younger than 18 for this study.
2. Patient is a candidate for cerebral tumor resection with lesion suspected to be or previously biopsy proven to be a primary brain tumor.
3. Patient is able to understand and give consent to participation in the study.
4. Patient agrees to undergo, prior to the procedure, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, within 14 days and preferably with 3 days of the planned procedure) with perfusion, diffusion and spectroscopic imaging. As per study chair's judgement, imaging outside this time window will also be permitted, for suspected slow growing tumors.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. The patient is found to have unfavorable anatomy to indicate that stereotactic biopsy could not be safely performed.
2. Renal failure as evidenced by a GFR of less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2 for gadolinium based imaging, for iodinated contrast agent we will use the more strict cut-off of 45 mL/min/1.73m2 (Davenport, 2020, Radiology: Use of IV Iodinated contrast media in patients with Kidney Disease: Consensus statement from the ACR and the National Kidney Foundation). This differentiation reflects the different risk profiles of these agents, and are conservative when compared to our clinical practice. In the absence of eGFR lab result, patient is not excluded in the absence of remarkable pathological renal history as confirmed by and in the discretion of the PI. As per current departmental guidelines, late-generation gadolinium contrast agents (such as gadobutrol and gadopiclenol), can still be administered safely in the setting of low renal function, provided clinical risk-benefit is maintained.
3. Pacemakers, electronic stimulation, metallic foreign bodies and devices and/or other conditions that are not MR safe, which include but are not limited to:
- electronically, magnetically, and mechanically activated implants
- ferromagnetic or electronically operated active devices like automatic cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac pacemakers
- metallic splinters in the eye
- ferromagnetic hemostatic clips in the central nervous system (CNS) or body
- cochlear implants
- other pacemakers, e.g., for the carotid sinus
- insulin pumps and nerve stimulators
- non-MR safe lead wires
- prosthetic heart valves (if dehiscence is suspected)
- non-ferromagnetic stapedial implants
- pregnancy
- claustrophobia that does not readily respond to oral medication 4. Allergy to relevant imaging contrast agents, includes allergies to iodine or gadolinium-based contrast agents (if one class of agents is contra-indicated, then imaging with the other can still proceed).