Inclusion Criteria:
Patients:
- Meet DSM-5 criteria for opioid-use disorder (heroin and/or prescription opioids);
- Have entered, or expressed a clear intention to enter, an OUD treatment program that prescribes either methadone or buprenorphine
- Any gender;
- 18 years of age and older;
- Have used opioids other than as specifically prescribed within thirty days prior to consent;
- In good-enough general health;
- Capacity to provide written informed consent as assessed by our Subject Comprehension Assessment Tool(subjects lacking the ability to consent will not be enrolled) ;
- Able to speak English sufficiently to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent to participate in the study.
Study-Physician Participants.
- Licensed MD employed by the respective site, or at a clinical partner of the respective site, where they will act as participants and be part of the treatment team
- Currently practicing in the treatment of OUD with either Buprenorphine or Methadone;
- Able to speak, read, and write English fluently and to provide informed consent in English
Clinician Participants.
- Licensed MSW, NP, or MD; who are not part of any treatment team within the study and may be employees of their respective sites or other treatment facilities.
- Currently practicing in the treatment of OUD with either Buprenorphine or Methadone;
- Able to speak, read, and write English fluently and to provide informed consent in English
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients:
- Serious medical, psychiatric or non-opioid substance use disorder that, in the opinion of a study physician, would make study participation hazardous to the participant or compromise study findings or would prevent the participant from completing the study. Examples include: (a) Disabling or terminal medical illness (e.g., uncompensated heart failure, cirrhosis or end-stage liver disease) as assessed by medical history, review of systems, physical exam and/or laboratory assessments;
- Severe, untreated or inadequately treated mental disorder (e.g., active psychosis, uncontrolled manic-depressive illness) as assessed by history and/or clinical interview;
- Current severe alcohol, benzodiazepine, or other depressant or sedative hypnotic use likely to require a complicated medical detoxification (routine alcohol and sedative detoxifications may be included);
- Suicidal or homicidal ideation that requires immediate attention;
- Presence of pain of sufficient severity as to require ongoing pain management with opioids;
- Pending legal action or other reasons that might prevent an individual from completing the study.
- Pregnancy as assessed by urine pregnancy testing
- Breastfeeding of infants, as assessed by self-report.
- Prisoners, as defined by OHRP, are excluded from participation in the study.
- Individuals receiving residential court-ordered substance abuse treatment.
Study-Physician Participants.
Clinician Participants.