Age: 18 - 64
Healthy Volunteers: Not accepted
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Adult, male and female Veterans, aged 18-64;
2. At the initial enrollment visit, meets DSM-5 standards of chronic insomnia disorder, as follows:
1. Complains of dissatisfaction with nighttime sleep in the form of difficulty falling asleep (subjective sleep onset latency 30 minutes), difficulty staying asleep (subjective time awake after sleep onset 30 minutes), and/or awakening earlier in the morning ( 30 minutes before scheduled wake time and before a total sleep time of 6.5 hours) than desired;
2. Insomnia frequency of 3 times per week
3. The duration of the insomnia complaint is 3 months
4. Associated with complaint of daytime impairment;
3. Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) total score 15 (moderate insomnia);
4. Determined to have clinically significant PTSD symptoms as per the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5); a total score of 33 is a recommended cutoff for a diagnosis of PTSD;
5. Willing and able to comply with all aspects of the protocol;
6. Willing to not start a concurrent behavioral or other treatment program for insomnia, PTSD, or other psychiatric disorders during the participation in the study;
7. It is required that women of child-bearing potential who are sexually active agree to either refrain from sexual activity or use a method of contraception for the duration of the study (i.e., beginning 30 days prior to drug initiation and extending to 30 days after the last dose of study drug). Acceptable methods of contraception include: 1) hormonal contraceptives (e.g., oral contraceptives, injectable contraceptives, contraceptive implant) or a non-hormonal intrauterine device;
8. Subjects are permitted to remain on serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), bupropion, anticonvulsants (excluding strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers), and other non-prohibited, psychiatric medications taken at stable doses for at least 1 month prior to study entry.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Current or a history of a primary psychotic disorder (i.e., schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder);
2. Active suicidal or homicidal ideation requiring crisis intervention;
3. Current moderate or severe alcohol or cannabis use disorder, or other illicit use disorder of any severity;
4. A history of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury or other neurological illness (i.e., stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis);
5. Caffeine use that is deemed excessive and is contributing to the insomnia per the opinion of the investigators (e.g., caffeinated beverages consumed after 18:00 3 times/week and/or that correlates with the timing of the insomnia complaints);
6. Tobacco use before bedtime that is contributing to the insomnia per the opinion of the investigators or that would interfere with completing an overnight polysomnogram;
7. Previous diagnosis of periodic limb movement disorder, restless legs syndrome, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, narcolepsy, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, or other sleep disorders (except obstructive sleep apnea) that may confound, per the opinion of the investigators, the assessment of insomnia;
8. Previous diagnosis of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (defined as an apnea hypopnea index equal to or greater than 15 on home sleep test or attended polysomnography);
9. Participants deemed to be at high risk of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea per the Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and male Gender questionnaire (STOP-BANG). Subjects with a STOP-BANG score 5, or STOP score of 2 plus (body mass index > 35 kg/m2 or male or neck circumference >40 cm), are considered to be high risk and will be referred to clinical treatment;
10. Participants identified as having an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) 15 during the screening polysomnogram. These participants will be referred to clinical treatment;
11. Periodic limb movement arousal index 15 or other sleep disorders captured during the screening polysomnogram that may confound, per the opinion of the investigators, the assessment and treatment of insomnia;
12. A prolonged QT interval, corrected for heart rate (QTc), at the screening electrocardiogram. A prolonged QTc is defined as 470 milliseconds for males and 480 milliseconds for females;
13. Engagement in CBT-I, prolonged exposure or cognitive processing therapy for 1-week prior to enrollment that in the opinion of the investigators may confound the assessment of insomnia and/or PTSD;
14. Current evidence of clinically significant cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, neurological, or other medical illness that in the opinion of the investigator(s) could affect the participant's safety or interfere with the study assessments;
15. Females who are breastfeeding or pregnant at screening;
16. Females of childbearing potential who are not practicing acceptable pregnancy prevention methods (NOTE: All females will be considered to be of childbearing potential unless they are postmenopausal or have been sterilized surgically);
17. Patients with conditions known to increase the risk of torsades de pointes and/or sudden death, such as symptomatic bradycardia and congenital prolongation of the QT interval;
18. Hypnotics or other sedating medications that are being taken at bedtime for sleep (ex. melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists, zolpidem, eszopiclone, benzodiazepines, trazodone, mirtazapine, low-dose tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, opioids, etc.) must be discontinued for 1 week prior to enrollment;
19. Antipsychotics and antidepressants with known 5-HT2A antagonist activity (ex. quetiapine, olanzapine, mirtazapine, trazodone) must be discontinued for 1 week prior to enrollment;
20. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (ex. itraconazole, ketoconazole, clarithromycin, indinavir) that may increase the levels of pimavanserin are prohibited;
21. Strong CYP3A4 inducers (ex. rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin, St. John's wort) that may reduce the levels of pimavanserin are prohibited;
22. Concurrent use of medications known to increase the QTc interval, such as Class 1A antiarrhythmics (e.g., quinidine, procainamide), Class 3 antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol), certain antipsychotic medications (e.g., ziprasidone, chlorpromazine, thioridazine), and certain antibiotics (e.g., gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin) are prohibited.