Observational StudyNeurobehavioral Mechanisms Linking Childhood Adversity to Increased Risk for Smoking

Inclusion Criteria:

1. generally healthy
2. 18-21 years of age
3. never smoked a full cigarette or used an equivalent amount of other nicotine or tobacco products
4. no tobacco exposure in the past 3 years
5. expired air CO level ≤ 3 ppm
6. corroboration of non-smoking status from 2 collateral reporters
7. breath alcohol value = 0.000

Exclusion Criteria:

1. use of illegal drugs as measured by urine drug screen
2. reported history of illicit drug use > 10 times lifetime
3. lifetime history of alcohol use disorder
4. binge drinking > 5 times per month over the past 3 months
5. history of serious mental illness including bipolar or psychotic disorders
6. significant medical or unstable psychiatric disorders
7. systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg
8. heart rate ≥ 100 bpm
9. use of psychoactive medications (e.g., antidepressants, opioid analgesics, etc.) in the past 6 months
10. presence of conditions that would make fMRI unsafe (e.g., pacemaker)
11. brain abnormality (including but not limited to stroke, brain tumor, and seizure disorder)
12. history of serious traumatic brain injury
13. claustrophobia
14. lack of firm resolve to refrain from cigarette, e-cigarette or other tobacco use in the coming year
15. pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding
16. inability to understand written and/or spoken English language
17. inability to attend all experimental sessions