Abdominal FESAbdominal Functional Electrical Stimulation to Improve Bowel Function in Spinal Cord Injury

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Chronic SCI (> 12 months since injury) above the level of T11
2. > 18 years of age
3. a measurable and consistent start and end event is determinable for the bowel routine

• Start events include: 1) enema insertion, 2) digital stimulation, 3) hot drink or initiation of the gastrocolic reflex, 3) abdominal massage, or 4) other, as determined by the participant and research team.
• Ending events include: 1) final digital stimulation, 2) when evacuation has ceased, or 3) other, as determined by the participant and research team.

4. Portable smart device with video capabilities and internet access
5. Willingness to access and/or download Zoom (videoconferencing software)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) E
2. Self-reported bowel management time (BMT) of <30 minutes
3. Current bowel conditions such as gastro-esophageal reflux, bowel obstruction, Crohn's disease, or diverticulitis
4. Physical obstacles that prevent AFES (e.g., pregnancy, abdominal trauma, cardiac pacemaker, or other implanted electromedical devices)
5. Stoma or colostomy
6. No response to AFES (e.g., lower motor neuron impairment)
7. History of gastrointestinal surgery within the past 3 months
8. Severely obese participants (>40 BMI)
9. Primary language other than English
10. Previous history of uncontrolled, recurrent episodes of AD
11. Resting systolic blood pressure (BP) reported as >140 mmHg