Observational StudyAdolescent Outcomes of Post-operative Opioid EXposure

Adolescent Inclusion Criteria

1. Adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 years old, inclusive, who are scheduled to undergo a scheduled surgical procedure with a greater than 90% likelihood of requiring opioid analgesia for at least 48 hours post-operatively (as an inpatient) or discharged home with at least a 48-hour supply of prescription opioids.

• Opioid prescribing practices vary by institution; therefore, eligible surgical procedures will be determined on a site-by-site basis.
2. Adolescents willing and able to provide informed assent and have a parent/caregiver willing to provide informed consent.

Parent/Caregiver Inclusion Criteria

1. Parent or legal guardian of an eligible adolescent.
2. Parent or legal guardian willing and able to provide written informed consent.

Adolescent Exclusion Criteria

Adolescents meeting any of the following criteria will be excluded from study participation:

1. Adolescents who have been prescribed opioids in the past 2 years for pain due to a chronic medical condition.
2. Adolescents who have a current chronic medical condition that requires ongoing opioid pain management and treatment such as sickle cell disease, arthritis, or cancer.
3. Adolescents who do not have a caregiver who is willing to co-participate in the study.
4. Adolescents who cannot speak or read English at a 4th-grade level as determined by medical or research staff.
5. Adolescents who are currently in the custody of the Department of Youth Services, jail/prison, or other overnight facility as required by court of law or have pending legal action that could prevent participation in study activities.
6. Adolescents who are currently in the custody of the Department of Children and Families or living with a foster family.
7. Adolescents who are currently pregnant or parenting.
8. Adolescents that self or parent report of ever having been diagnosed with opioid use disorder, or prescribed buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone to treat opioid use disorder.
9. Adolescents who are currently enrolled in an intervention study that aims to impact opioid prescription or pain management pre-, peri-, or post-operatively.

Parent/Caregiver Exclusion Criteria

Parents/Caregivers meeting any of the following criteria will be excluded from study participation:

1. Parents/Caregivers who cannot speak or read English or Spanish at a 4th grade level as determined by medical or research staff.
2. Parents/Caregivers that are currently incarcerated.
3. Parents/Caregivers that are in physical or mental distress that precludes study participation as determined by clinical or study staff.