Robotic Balance Training & Brain StimulationNEUROBALANCE Training to Improve Postural Control in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged between 18-75 years
2. Diagnosed with a non-penetrating TBI at least six months before the screening.
3. Have complaints of impaired balance and poor postural control determined by a BBS score of ≤50.
4. Ability to stand upright with or without support for at least 20 seconds
5. Ability to walk with or without a walking aid for at least ten meters
6. Not planning to change medication in the next four months
7. Minimum Cognitive Ability to understand the verbal instructions and comply with the study procedures, as determined by the University of California, San Diego, Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent Instrument (UBACC).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Currently undergoing any regular physical therapy program or research studies focusing on balance functions.
2. Having a stroke or a penetrating TBI.
3. Affected by the peripheral nerve injury, neuromuscular conditions, or orthopedic issues of lower limbs before TBI, or have any persistent pain or difficulty maintaining blood pressure while upright.
4. Have a scalp or skin condition (e.g., psoriasis or eczema) on the scalp near the stimulation site.
5. Severe visual impairment (e.g., spatial neglect) or hearing problems may affect study compliance.
6. Any other neurological injury or psychiatric conditions (e.g., severe anxiety or schizophrenia, etc.)
7. Not being pregnant or thinking of becoming pregnant during the study period.
8. Diagnosed with alcohol or substance abuse in the last three years.
9. Contraindications to TMS, including the presence of metallic implants in the head and history of seizures or medication-resistant epilepsy.