Recruiting
Phase 2

Wearable Biofeedback

Sponsor:

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Code:

NCT06638944

Conditions

Dysphagia

Stroke

Parkinson Disease

Eligibility Criteria

Sex: All

Age: 50 - 70+

Healthy Volunteers: Not accepted

Interventions

In-person sEMG-biofeedback

Remote sEMG-biofeedback

Standard-of-care treatment

Study Details

Brief summary:

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common symptom of many neurological diseases but its treatment is not well established or easily accessible.

To start addressing this gap, the researchers developed and validated a cost-effective wearable surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback sensor technology (i-Phagia), optimized to record muscle activity from the head/neck and provide biofeedback to patients and adherence data to clinicians during swallow therapy. This system has been developed with commercially available and widely used materials and the Purdue University IRB has determined that the device is non-significant risk device.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if this biofeedback (using this new technology/i-Phagia) when used as an adjunct to a standard swallow therapy protocol works to improve swallowing function in patients post chronic stroke or diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. It will also help the investigators learn whether this therapy protocol is equally effective when provided in-person versus via telehealth. Finally, it will determine which patient factors may influence how well the treatment works.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • Does biofeedback (using this new technology/i-Phagia) when used as an adjunct to a standard swallow therapy protocol works better than a standard of care treatment to improve swallowing function in patients post chronic stroke or diagnosed with Parkinson's disease?
  • Is completing the swallow therapy protocol at home (via telehealth) as effective as completing it in-person (in the clinic)?
  • What factors related to the patients (e.g., age, diagnosis, etc.) may influence how well the treatment works?

Participants will:

  • Complete a 12-week swallow treatment protocol (12 treatment visits) either in-person or at home (via telehealth)
  • Complete 3 in-person evaluations (pre-treatment; post-treatment; and at a 12-week post treatment follow-up time point)
  • Exercise at home several days per week and keep a diary/log of their home exercise

The hypothesis is that upon study completion, the efficacy of sEMG biofeedback-facilitated swallow therapy for both in-person and telehealth service delivery in two neurogenic dysphagia populations will have been established, and variables determining response to treatment will begin to be identified.

Conditions

Dysphagia

Stroke

Parkinson Disease

Study ID

NCT06638944

Start date

Jul 22, 2025

Status verified date

Jul, 2026

Completion date

Apr 30, 2029

Anticipated

Primary completion date

Dec 31, 2028

Anticipated

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

Sex: All

Age: 50 - 70+

Healthy Volunteers: Not accepted

Inclusion Criteria:

  • 50-90 years old
  • a confirmed (by a neurologist/physician) diagnosis of stroke at least 3 months post event, or of PD (Hoehn and Yahr Stages II-IV)
  • score in the normal/mild range on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), determined during an in-house screening
  • confirmed oropharyngeal dysphagia, as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by a certified and trained Speech Language Pathologist (SLP)
  • accuracy of exercise performance; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by a certified and trained SLP
  • independent (or with caregiver support) use of i-Phagia system post pre-intervention training session; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by a certified and trained SLP

Exclusion Criteria:

  • known allergy to barium or known/suspected perforation or obstruction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
  • recent history of pneumonia (past 6 months)
  • head and neck surgery, radiation or trauma
  • a score in the moderate-severe range on MoCA (screened during in-house screening)
  • other neurological/neuromuscular disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, myositis, etc)
  • difficulty complying due to neuropsychological dysfunction determined during the in-house screening
  • currently enrolled in swallow or speech therapy
  • facial hair in the submental (under the chin) area and refusing to shave.
  • known allergies relating to the Ten20® Conductive Paste (this is the conductive paste used to help with sensors signal and adherence to the skin) and/or any of the sensor materials (gold/acrylic) that come into contact with the skin
  • no oropharyngeal dysphagia; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by the certified and trained SLP
  • inability to perform the prescribed exercises accurately after a maximum of 12 practice trials; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility VFSS assessment by the certified and trained SLP
  • inability to use the system accurately post training (for i-Phagia groups); as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by the certified and trained SLP
  • inability to safely swallow (without aspiration) at least one consistency; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by the certified and trained SLP

Study Design

Enrollment

120 participants

Anticipated

Allocation

Randomized

Intervention Model

Parallel Assignment

Primary purpose

Treatment

Interventions and Outcome Measures

Arms

experimental: IN-person i-Phagia

The treatment group assigned to the IN-PERSON i-Phagia service delivery will use the system to complete a standardized swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions in the clinic and 3 days of home practice per week.

active comparator: Remote i-Phagia

The treatment group assigned to the REMOTE i-Phagia service delivery will use the i-Phagia system to complete a standardized swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed remotely (via telehealth) and 3 days of home practice per week.

other: Standard-of-Care (SOC) Swallow Treatment

The treatment group assigned to the SOC service delivery will complete the same standardized swallowing rehabilitation protocol and in the same frequency as the i-Phagia groups but without the device. That is, they will complete the protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed in-person and 3 days of home practice per week.

Interventions

In-person sEMG-biofeedback

Participants in this intervention complete a standardized behavioral swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions in the clinic and 3 days of home practice per week using the i-Phagia sEMG system. The protocol includes oropharyngeal strength training and skill-based practice exercises. For this group, patients use the sensor patch and the software guides them on how to complete the exercises and receive feedback.

Remote sEMG-biofeedback

Participants in this intervention complete a standardized behavioral swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed remotely (via telehealth) and 3 days of home practice per week. The protocol includes oropharyngeal strength training and skill-based practice exercises. For this group, patients also use the sensor patch and the software guides them on how to complete the exercises and receive feedback.

Standard-of-care treatment

Participants in this intervention will complete the same standardized behavioral swallowing rehabilitation protocol and in the same frequency as the sEMG biofeedback intervention groups but WITHOUT a device. That is, they will complete the protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed in-person and 3 days of home practice per week. For this intervention group, patients use a visual analog scale and a timer as feedback tools, as frequently done in clinical practice where sEMG devices are not widely available.

Primary outcome measure

  • Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment; up to 1 week post-treatment; and at a 12-week follow-up ]
  • Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment; up to 1 week post-treatment; and at a 12-week follow-up ]
  • Normalized sEMG amplitude [ Time Frame: Pre-treatment; up to 1 week post-treatment; and at a 12-week follow-up ]

Central Contacts and Locations

Central contacts

Georgia Malandraki, PhD

217-265-7561georgiam@illinois.edu

Jaime Bauer Malandraki, MS

217-265-7561jaimebm@illinois.edu

Locations

Purdue University

Recruiting

West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907

Contacts

Shelley Reichelt, MS

765-496-0207sreichel@purdue.edu

More Information

Sponsor

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Last update posted

Jul 29, 2026

Last verified

Jul, 2026

Keywords

  • biofeedback
  • dysphagia
  • oropharyngeal dysphagia
  • Parkinson disease
  • stroke
  • telehealth
  • wearable

Trial information was received from ClinicalTrials.gov and was last updated on 2026-09-10. This information was provided to ClinicalTrials.gov by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on 2026-07-29.