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A Study of MACI in Patients Aged 10 to 17 Years With Symptomatic Chondral or Osteochondral Defects of the Knee
What is OCD?
OCD stands for obsessive compulsive disorder. Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that cause intense anxiety or disgust. Compulsions are the repeated actions or mental rituals performed to relieve that distress: washing, checking, counting, arranging, or silently repeating phrases. The relief is brief, the cycle repeats, and in moderate to severe OCD it consumes hours a day. Common presentations include contamination and cleaning, checking and harm, symmetry and ordering, and forbidden or taboo thoughts, which is where the popular idea of four types comes from, though most people have more than one. OCD usually begins in late childhood or early adulthood, affects men and women about equally, and often travels with anxiety, depression, and tic disorders.
Genes play a real part: OCD runs in families and is more heritable when it starts in childhood, but no single gene causes it, and most relatives of people with OCD never develop it. It is not caused by parenting or by being a perfectionist. Brain imaging shows unusual activity in circuits linking the front of the brain to deeper structures, which is why brain stimulation treatments target exactly those circuits. First line treatment is a specific form of cognitive behavioral therapy called exposure and response prevention, in which people face feared situations without performing rituals, and SSRI medicines, often at higher doses than for depression. Both work for most people, but a large minority improve only partly, and that group drives most current research. OCD is recognized as a disability under US law when it substantially limits daily activities, and many people with it also identify as neurodivergent, though it is classified as a mental health condition rather than a developmental one.
Types of OCD clinical trials
Brain stimulation trials. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, cleared by the FDA for OCD in 2018, in new protocols and in teenagers; deep brain stimulation for severe OCD that has not responded to anything else; and low intensity focused ultrasound, which reaches deep circuits without surgery.
Therapy mechanism studies. Exposure and response prevention delivered with brain imaging, in new formats, or adapted for specific themes such as religious obsessions.
Medicine studies. How SSRIs change brain networks, which patients respond, and trials of new or add on medicines for people who do not respond to SSRIs.
Lifestyle and adjunct trials. Aerobic exercise and other approaches tested alongside standard treatment.
Child and adolescent research. Studies of how OCD develops in the growing brain and treatment trials for ages 6 to 17.
Biology and imaging studies. Research on impulsivity, compulsivity, and brain circuits, often enrolling healthy volunteers as comparison groups.
OCD often occurs alongside anxiety disorders, depression, and autism, each with its own trials. Brain stimulation studies across conditions are described on our addiction treatment page.
New to research? Read how informed consent works.
Who can participate in OCD clinical trials?
Most treatment trials enroll people with OCD confirmed by a clinical interview and a severity score above a set level, often moderate or worse. Brain stimulation trials for severe OCD typically require that several adequate treatments, including exposure therapy and at least two medicines, have not worked, and have extra safety rules such as no seizures or metal implants. Therapy and medicine studies may require that you are not currently in exposure therapy or are on a stable medicine dose. Pediatric studies enroll children and teenagers with a parent's consent, some from age 6. Biology studies often accept people at any stage and healthy volunteers. Eligibility always varies by study; our guide covers eligibility criteria.
How OCD severity is measured, and why it matters for trials
OCD is not staged like a physical illness. Trials use a severity scale, most often the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, which scores obsessions and compulsions from 0 to 40. Mild (roughly 8 to 15) is often studied in therapy and app trials. Moderate (16 to 23) is the usual entry point for medicine and therapy trials. Severe (24 to 31) and extreme (32 and above) are where brain stimulation and treatment resistant trials recruit, usually after standard treatments have failed. Study listings state the minimum score and the treatment history required, and the clinician who assesses you at screening will measure it, so you do not need to know your score before applying.
What is the best treatment for OCD?
Exposure and response prevention therapy and SSRI medicines, alone or together, are first line and help most people. For those who do not respond, options include higher doses, add on medicines, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and, for severe cases, deep brain stimulation. Trials are testing focused ultrasound and new medicines.
Do OCD trial participants get paid?
Some studies offer compensation for time and travel, and study related care, including therapy sessions and brain stimulation that are part of the study, is typically provided at no cost to participants. Compensation varies by trial and is always described during the informed consent process before you agree to anything.
Curious whether clinical trials pay participants? Here's how compensation actually works.
How to enroll in an OCD clinical trial
Identify your trial. Use the filters. Titles say "OCD" or "obsessive compulsive" and name the approach: therapy, medicine, stimulation, or research.
Select your preferred location. Enter your city or state. Stimulation trials need frequent visits over weeks; some therapy and research studies run partly online.
Explore study details. Click "Learn More" for the severity and treatment history required, age range, and session schedule.
Complete the health profile. Click "Get started" to begin the 5-step application. Have three things ready: how your OCD shows up and how long you have had it, the treatments you have tried including therapy and medicines, and other conditions such as tics, depression, or anxiety.
Submit the application. A clinical trial coordinator reviews it and contacts you. Nothing is decided until informed consent, and participation is voluntary at every step. Trials are not a substitute for care in a crisis, and study teams will refer you to help if you need it now.